Livelock – Concurrency: Part I

Livelock Two threads may result in a livelock, if the response by a thread to another thread’s action is always to undo or revert the consequences of the action. The threads are responding to each other, but are blocked in making any progress. The combined actions of the threads make it impossible for them to
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Utility Classes TimeUnit and ThreadLocalRandom – Concurrency: Part II

23.1 Utility Classes TimeUnit and ThreadLocalRandom This section can be skipped on the first reading, and can be read if and when the need arises while working through this chapter. Before diving into high-level concurrency support provided by the java.util.concurrent package, we begin by providing an overview of two utility classes whose methods are used
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The Executors Class – Concurrency: Part II

The Executors Class The java.util.concurrent.Executors class provides factory and utility methods for the interfaces defined in the java.util.concurrent package. In particular, it provides factory methods that return versatile implementations of the ExecutorService (p. 1427) and the ScheduledExecutorService (p. 1440) interfaces shown in Figure 23.1. The executor services created by the methods of the Executors class
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Using an Executor Service 2 – Concurrency: Part II

When the executor service is no longer needed, it should be closed properly so that resources associated with the executor service can be reclaimed. As an executor service is not AutoCloseable, we cannot use the try-with-resources statement. The simplest shutdown procedure involves either calling the shutdown() or shutdownNow() method for this purpose. Calling either of
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Controlling Shutdown and Termination of an Executor Service – Concurrency: Part II

Controlling Shutdown and Termination of an Executor Service The ExecutorService interface provides the awaitTermination() method, which in conjunction with the shutdown methods, allows more refined control over pending tasks at shutdown. Further control in shutting down and terminating an executor service is implemented by the awaitAndShutdownNow() method defined at (9) in Example 23.1. This method
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